History

Programming
Language
Timeline

111 languages · 75+ years of innovation

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1940s
Assembly
low-levelimperative
1949
1950s
1955
FLOW-MATIC
imperative
Fortran
imperativeprocedural
1957
1957
COMTRAN
imperative
Lisp
functionalmulti-paradigm
1958
1958
ALGOL
imperativeprocedural
COBOL
imperativeprocedural
1959
1960s
1962
Simula
object-orientedimperative
PL/I
imperativeprocedural
1964
1966
APL
arrayfunctional
BCPL
imperativeprocedural
1967
1968
ALGOL 68
imperative
B
imperativeprocedural
1969
1969
Planner
logicprocedural
1970s
Pascal
imperativeprocedural
1970
1972
Smalltalk
object-oriented
C
imperativeprocedural
1972
1972
Prolog
logicdeclarative
ML
functionalimperative
1973
1975
Scheme
functionalmulti-paradigm
CLU
imperativeobject-oriented
1975
1976
S
statisticalfunctional
Icon
imperativefunctional
1977
1977
AWK
data-drivenscripting
Modula-2
imperativemodular
1978
1979
Bourne Shell
scripting
1980s
Ada
imperativeobject-oriented
1980
1983
C++
object-orientedimperative
Standard ML
functionalimperative
1983
1984
Objective-C
object-orientedimperative
Common Lisp
functionalmulti-paradigm
1984
1984
Lazy ML
functional
MATLAB
imperativearray
1984
1985
Chez Scheme
tool
Miranda
functional
1985
1986
Erlang
functionalconcurrent
BEAM VM
tool
1986
1987
Perl
imperativemulti-paradigm
GCC
tool
1987
1987
Oberon
imperativeobject-oriented
ABC
imperativeprocedural
1987
1987
Self
object-orientedprototype-based
Newsqueak
concurrentimperative
1988
1988
Modula-3
imperativeobject-oriented
Tcl
scriptingimperative
1988
1989
Bash
scriptingimperative
1990s
Haskell
functional
1990
1990
J
arrayfunctional
Python
imperativeobject-oriented
1991
1991
Oberon-2
imperativeobject-oriented
GHC
tool
1992
1992
Alef
concurrentimperative
Dylan
object-orientedfunctional
1992
1993
R
functionalimperative
Lua
imperativemulti-paradigm
1993
1993
GNU Guile
functionalscripting
Free Pascal
imperativeobject-oriented
1993
1994
Racket
functionalmulti-paradigm
Java
object-orientedimperative
1995
1995
JavaScript
imperativeobject-oriented
Ruby
object-orientedimperative
1995
1995
PHP
imperativeobject-oriented
Limbo
concurrentimperative
1995
1995
Delphi
imperativeobject-oriented
Mercury
logicfunctional
1995
1996
OCaml
functionalimperative
SpiderMonkey
tool
1996
1997
Fortran 95
imperativearray
HotSpot JVM
tool
1999
2000s
2000
C#
object-orientedimperative
D
imperativeobject-oriented
2001
2001
JavaScriptCore
tool
Visual Basic .NET
object-orientedimperative
2002
2002
.NET Runtime
tool
Cyclone
imperativefunctional
2002
2003
Scala
object-orientedfunctional
Groovy
object-orientedfunctional
2003
2003
LLVM
tool
F#
functionalobject-oriented
2005
2005
LuaJIT
scriptingimperative
Clojure
functionalmulti-paradigm
2007
2007
Clang
tool
Agda
functionalproof-assistant
2007
2007
Cython
imperative
Nim
imperativefunctional
2008
2008
V8
tool
Pharo
object-oriented
2008
2009
Go
imperativeconcurrent
CoffeeScript
imperativeobject-oriented
2009
2009
FemtoLisp
tool
2010s
Dart
object-orientedimperative
2011
2011
Idris
functionaldependent-typed
TypeScript
object-orientedfunctional
2012
2012
Elixir
functionalconcurrent
Elm
functional
2012
2012
Julia
imperativefunctional
mypy
static-analysis
2012
2013
PureScript
functional
Swift
object-orientedfunctional
2014
2014
Crystal
object-orientedimperative
Roslyn
tool
2014
2015
Rust
systemsimperative
Kotlin
object-orientedfunctional
2016
2016
ReasonML
functionalobject-oriented
Zig
imperativesystems
2016
2016
mrustc
tool
Angular
declarativeobject-oriented
2016
2019
V
imperativesystems
Gleam
functional
2019
2020s
2022
Carbon
imperativesystems
Mojo
imperativesystems
2023

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